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Tillerson urges NATO allies to increase spending

In his first meeting with NATO allies, US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson has said the current spending model was "no longer sustainable." He called on alliance members to submit new defense budget plans by May.

Rex Tillerson's inaugural welcome at NATO headquarters Friday may have been slightly less hearty than could otherwise have been expected after the US Secretary of State initially expressed his willingness to entirely skip the get-together, originally scheduled for next week. That tension, coupled with ongoing US pressure to boost defense budgets faster than agreed, has fueled an unending stream of speculation over if and how Tillerson would tweak the standing talking points.


The top US diplomat started out by being reassuring. "Let me be very clear at the outset of my remarks," he told allies, "the US commitment to NATO is strong and this alliance remains the bedrock for transatlantic security." He tipped his hat to concerns sparked by President Donald Trump about the fallibility of Article 5 - the pledge for collective defense.

"We understand that a threat against one of us is a threat against all of us, and we will respond accordingly," Tillerson went on. "We will uphold the agreements we have made to defend our allies." A practical example of that, he noted, is the fact that a US battalion arrives in Poland Saturday to lead one of four battle groups serving as a deterrent against what Tillerson called "Russian agitation and Russian aggression."

Make money plans by May

But then he launched into the financial argument everyone knew was coming: "It is no longer sustainable for the US to maintain a disproportionate share of NATO's defense expenditures."  Tillerson said Washington wants to see "national plans" by the end of the year from each ally. The plans would detail countries' cash contributions along with other capabilities, as well as progress toward the agreed goal of spending 2 percent of GDP on defense, formalized at the 2014 Wales summit.

Some NATO sources said the mood in the room was generally positive and broadly supportive. But expectations that all would go Washington's way were rent asunder by German Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel, who arrived at the gathering saying bluntly that Germany has no intention of meeting the 2 percent goal.  "I don't know a politician in Germany who believes that this would be achievable or even desirable," Gabriel said.

He added that Germany already has a "national plan" - "it's called the budget," he quipped.


Kristine Berzina, a foreign policy analyst at the German Marshall Fund in Brussels, said despite all the angst over having to reschedule 27 ministers to accommodate the US, it was worthwhile given the magnitude of the question on the table that dwarfs the individual items on the agenda: will the US maintain its leadership role within the alliance? NATO allies need to know, Berzina said, "and they are willing to accommodate their schedule in order to obtain that answer." She added that "there are questions around Brussels about whether the scheduling issue is something we'll see more of ... part of a broader trend prioritizing bilateral relations or multilateral frameworks?"

Before coming to Brussels, Tillerson made a visit to Turkey; he had initially announced he would go to Moscow despite missing the NATO ministerial meeting.

NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg, who has supported the Trump rhetoric as a way to reinforce his own long fight to boost spending, nonetheless issued a defense of European contributions. "Two World Wars and the Cold War have taught us all that stability in Europe is of course important for Europe, but it's also important for the United States," he said, "and the only time we have invoked Article 5 was after the attack on the United States. Hundreds of thousands of European soldiers and other partner nations have served in Afghanistan alongside US soldiers, and more than a thousand have lost their lives in Afghanistan in an operation which was a direct response to an attack on the United States."


Former British Ambassador to NATO Sir Adam Thomson, now with the London-based European Leadership Network, thinks the alliance should continue making its own case to Washington. "NATO will and does actually have a rather good story to tell about how much it has contributed, including supporting the United States in its response to 9/11, the longest war in US history in Afghanistan, the training in Iraq," he told DW.  But at the same time, Thomson acknowledged a supporting role wouldn't cut it if push came to shove and massive military might was needed. "Europeans on their own probably couldn't provide for the collective defense of their territories at the levels that NATO believes is necessary," he said.

Decade-long demand

Former Estonian President Toomas Ilves says no one should be surprised this issue is central to the new US leadership, pointing out it has been percolating for a decade. Estonia is well above the 2 percent spending mark, one of only five countries at present. Ilves recalled the stark message delivered in Brussels by outgoing US Defense Secretary Robert Gates in 2011, in which he said NATO would face a "dim if not dismal future” without increased European funding. "He said the American people and their elected representatives are not going to stand for this for too long," Ilves explained. "So here we are seven years later."

So why is the atmosphere so toxic now? Thomson's theory is that it's all about the delivery. "The Obama administration knows how to do diplomacy," he said, "and the Trump administration hasn't learned that yet."

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Beleaguered Trump White House stalled on several fronts

Seventy days into office, the Trump White House is battling Democrats, Republicans and the media on key topics like healthcare and Russia. The long-term effects are unclear and pressure on the president is growing.


In what was another acrimonious week for the Trump administration, the White House deployed Deputy Chief of Staff Katie Walsh to leave the government and focus instead on boosting outside support for President Donald Trump and his agenda.

Walsh is supposed to join America First Policies, a non-profit group founded earlier this year by Trump campaign staffers tasked with publicly boosting the president's agenda after the White House felt it had received too little grassroots support for its effort to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act.

In a move also tied to the Republicans' healthcare defeat, Trump this week lashed out via Twitter not only at Democrats, which could be expected, but also at the Freedom Caucus, the ultra-conservative Republican Congressional group whose members had largely rejected backing House GOP leaders on healthcare.

Unperturbed conservatives

Most Freedom Caucus members, however, appeared unperturbed by the president's threat to unseat them in the next election cycle, stating publicly that instead of attacking them the administration should better step up its legislative game and produce a better bill.

Capping what was widely seen as yet another bruising week for the Trump White House, Mike Flynn, one of the president's top advisors during the campaign and later, until his ouster, his National Security Advisor, according to his attorney stated that he was prepared to talk to investigators in exchange for immunity from prosecution.


Congressional intelligence committees as well as the FBI are currently probing possible Russian meddling in the US election process and potential Russian ties to the Trump team. Flynn was forced out his position because of what the White House said was his failure to fully disclose his contacts with the Kremlin's top diplomat in Washington.

Because Flynn is seen to have been privy to key discussions and developments in the Trump campaign and the White House, his attorney's remark that he "certainly has a story to tell" has been interpreted by many as willingness to share information that could potentially incriminate the Trump White House.        

Puzzled observers

Also related to the issue of possible Russian interference, it was reported by "The New York Times" that House Intelligence Committee Chairman Devin Nunes was given information during an evening visit to White House grounds that could be interpreted as support for the president's previously unsubstantiated claim he was wiretapped by the Obama administration.

Taken together, just this week's developments involving Donald Trump and his close associates has left outside observers puzzled.

"This is unprecedented for a president to be facing this many difficulties this early in a first term," said Karen Hult, a scholar of the US presidency and chair of the political science department at Virginia Tech.


"This is an administration that doesn't really understand governing," said George Edwards III, chair in presidential studies at Texas A&M University. He believes Trump's threatening anger at Freedom Caucus lawmakers, for instance, may be politically unwise.

"The Freedom Caucus will be in a position to torpedo anything that doesn't have bipartisan support and these days there isn't a lot that has bipartisan support," said Edwards.

'Unforced errors'

The only way, he added, Trump would able to win the group's backing is by tacking hard-right, which he is unlikely to do, since that would alienate less conservative Republicans. What's more, said Edwards, the president's threat to unseat them is empty, because it would mean he would have to support an even more conservative opponent to challenge Freedom Caucus members in their mostly very conservative districts.

"That's not going to happen," said Edwards. "This is not smart, it is just unforced errors."

"It does seem dangerous," agreed Virginia Tech professor Hult, adding "it is a sign that he didn't seem to fully grasp that a lot of the members of the freedom caucus have really strong ideological values."


The impact of the steady stream of new, but often opaque, revelations about real and alleged contacts of Trump associates with Russia is more difficult to gauge. What seems certain, however, is that the story about Trump associates' possible Russian connections will not go away anytime soon, and that is bad news for the president.

"There is intrigue built atop of intrigue it looks to me," said Hult. "And clearly what's happening is that it is occupying so much attention in the Washington community and the global press that it is taking attention away from things Trump wanted to be concrete on."

Reshaping EPA

A clear path out this unprecedented slump for Trump - no other president has had such low approval ratings this early on - is not in sight, as building a lasting coalition with a faction like the Freedom Caucus appears as difficult as working with the opposition Democrats. But those efforts, according to Edwards, are also bound to be stymied by the fact that, at least so far, this White House seems like an administration that is incapable of learning from its mistakes.

"All administrations have challenges in the beginning, but this administration just seems to be really characterized by blinders," he said. "I think there is growing sense that he is not up to the job."

While it may be true that Trump is finding it hard to pass key pieces of promised legislation like the healthcare bill, the travel ban or even tax reform, said Edwards' colleague Hult, even during this tumultuous beginning he is already drastically reshaping the government on many issues, including economic and environmental policy.

"We do know that things are continuing to move in executive branch agencies. At the EPA, for example, [Administrator Scott] Pruitt is taking actions on his own and stopping rules going forward.”

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Big Brother may be watching, but it is not too late

Last week, the secrets-revealing website WikiLeaks released another batch of its “Vault 7” stack of documents, nicknamed “Dark Matter”. The latest files expose tools designed to infect Apple Mac firmware that is impossible to clean even if the whole operating system is re-installed. RFI asked several specialists and insiders about these cyber weapons that threaten us all.

"What was surprising to most people was a tool that let them turn on a smart TV” says Cindy Cohn, executive director of the San Francisco-based Electronic Frontier Foundation [EEF].

“[The TV can] start recording what is going on in the room in a way that is hidden from the user because it is switched off.”

Cohn points out that many commonly used Internet-connected devices are at risk:

“Baby monitors, home security systems can be remotely turned on and start recording, spying on you without your knowledge,” she says.

Government snooping

The western public is becoming increasingly aware of the hidden activities of its governments. Revelations by NSA contractor Edward Snowden in 2014 about worldwide snooping on its citizens by governments of the US, the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, were popularized by documentaries and films such as “Citizen Four” and “Snowden”.

But the latest revelations take proof of government snooping one step further.

"They are very different form the leaks that came from Edward Snowden,” says James Bamford, author of The Puzzle Palace, the first book to reveal the operations of the National Security Agency [NSA] to the big public in the early 1980s.


“What Snowden released were a lot of documents that showed how the NSA was eavesdropping on American citizens as well as on foreign officials such as [German leader] Angela Merkel in Germany and [former president] Dilma Roussev of Brazil. His leaks dealt mainly with eavesdropping on large communication channels and on foreign leaders.”

“The WikiLeaks that were released [in March] were basically weapons that are used to hack into communication.

“In other words they weren't the actual eavesdropping communications, they were the weapons used to get that information. So they were digital weapons and the problem is that they could be used by anybody that gets hold of them to break into systems like an Apple iPhone."

To many observers of high-tech developments, the latest revelations did not come as a surprise. “All of our devices are bugged,” says Peter Ackersley, chief computer scientist with the EEF.

“And any time your device contains bugs, there is a potential that these bugs could be used to break into the device, hack into the laptop and monitor you in some way. And for computer security it is a sort of a struggle against these bugs.”

“What you might hope is that the intelligence agencies would help us doing defensive cyber security work. But what we are seeing here is that the CIA has been really focused on [maintaining] an arsenal of these bugs, not getting them fixed, using them to break into the devices and as a result leaving us all less secure,” he says.

In the end, he argues, democracy worldwide is at risk.

"[The intelligence agencies] are acting in secret, with little or no accountability whatsoever, we are starting to see some of the terrifying consequences,” he says, pointing at the suspected role of Russian intelligence agencies in influencing the US elections.

But it also places serious question marks over the role of the US agencies.

“Democratic civil society will have to find a way protecting themselves against having our elections messed with, political parties hacked, and our democracy threatened."

Government snooping is not new

Government snooping is as old as governments, and when the first trans-Atlantic communications cables connected Europe and the US, intelligence agencies in Washington and London were quick to listen in.

Former intelligence officer Herbert Yardley, father of the modern whistleblowers, revealed already in 1931, in his book The American Black Chamber, how the NSA’s predecessor agency wiretapped domestic and international telexes and telephone conversations.

But more recently, the nature of gathering information has substantially changed. "Back in 60s, 70s and early 80s, information was analyzed,” says Bamford.

“In other words it was far more difficult to intercept and to convert into usable intelligence. Because it was analog. Once everything switched to digital, it became much easier to transfer communications, to fiber up the cable, etc. and it also became far easier to intercept it all."

Mass-surveillance programs with science-fiction-like names as "Shamrock," "Echelon," and more recently "Prism," were designed to gather as much data as possible by means of electronic listening.

By law, the US government needs approval by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance [FISA] Court, but, say critics, this is merely a rubber stamp procedure and 99.9 percent of requests are honored.

The 2010 Washington Post investigation “Top Secret America” identified 45 government organizations [including CIA, FBI and NSA] and 1,931 private companies engaged in top-secret work, gathering intelligence at all levels of society.

The massive increase of data collections leads to an almost unsurmountable pile of information.

"The US intercepts far exceeds the number of interceptions coming from China and Russia together,” says Eric Denécé, the director of the French Center for Intelligence and Research, Cf2R.


“It is a sign of an irremediable drift towards a form of imperialism, of totaliarism. Of course everybody understands that we have to do some electronic intelligence to try and anticipate threats against a national community, but in such a proportion it is something absolutely crazy and stupid,” he says.

“It is not the lack of ability to intercept communication,” agrees Bamford, “it is the lack of ability to sift through it all. So if you build this enormous electronic haystack of data. And the bigger you build the haystack the harder it is to find that electronic needle, that little piece of code that you are looking for. Collecting all this information to a large degree is a waste of time.”

Back to the latest WikiLeaks revelations that show that there are even more tools to hack and snoop than anyone thought was ever possible. "Let's take it out of the digital realm,” says Cohn.

“If there's a policeman walking by and they notice that there's a lock on your front door that is broken, they should tell you, so you can fix it. They shouldn't make a note of it and then not tell you and then lose control of that note so that criminals can get access to the fact that your door is broken.”

So what to do?

“The public has no real alternative than use vulnerable communications. The alternative is encryption, and I think more and more people are beginning to turn to encryption,” says Bamford.

But much of the surveillance focuses on social media, such as Twitter, Facebook, Linkedin and other platforms.

“People freely give a lot of information about themselves on the social networks and through their communications,” says Denécé.

“But at the same time, they complain that the agencies are listening to them. So we would have to develop a sort of training for citizens to help them to know what to do exactly with their phone and computers in the new context of the information age,” he says.

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France launches sweeping tax probe into undeclared Swiss bank accounts

French prosecutors announced on Friday they had opened an investigation into Swiss bank accounts that were not declared to France’s tax authorities.

They suspect thousands of such accounts have been used to evade French taxes, which would amount to "aggravated dissimulation of tax fraud".

Credit Suisse, Switzerland’s number two bank, confirmed on Friday that its offices in Paris had been visited by local authorities, as well as its offices in London and Amsterdam.

The bank confirmed in a statement that it was “cooperating with authorities”.

Corresponding probes worldwide

The move is part of a coordinated international tax evasion probe carried out by other European countries and Australia.

While it has not been confirmed that Credit Suisse is the main target of investigations, authorities in these countries have affirmed that Swiss banks are at the heart of the probe.

Dutch prosecutors have announced that dozens are being investigated for tax fraud and money laundering, and that “administrative records” were seized from a “Swiss bank” on Thursday.

“Properties, and jewellery, an expensive car, expensive paintings and a gold bar,” were also seized from homes throughout the Netherlands, added the statement from the Dutch Office for Serious Fraud, Environmental Crime and Asset Confiscation (FIOD).

Australian revenue and financial services minister Kelly O’Dwyer said that more than 300 people “with links to Swiss banking relationship managers” had been identified by investigators.

The minister added that investigators aim to “move quickly” to seek out those who commit tax evasion or fraud.

Britain’s Revue and Customs office also said that it had launched a criminal probe into “a global financial institution” for tax evasion.

“The first phase of the investigation, which will see further, targeted activity over the coming weeks, is focused on senior employees from within the institution, along with a number of its customers,” the London statement said.

Bern allegedly unaware of probe

According to Switzerland’s ATS news agency, the country’s attorney general’s office was not aware of the operations and demanded a written explanation from Dutch officials concerning the lack of cooperation.

The coordinated probe comes as Credit Suisse rolls out its new Automatic Exchange of Information programme designed to share taxpayer information with relevant global authorities as part of a wider Swiss crackdown on money laundering and secretive banking.

However, this is not the first time Swiss banks, Credit Suisse in particular, have been targeted in fraud investigations.

Regulators in the United States fined the bank 2.6 million dollars in 2014 for helping American clients evade taxes.

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Why French left-wingers are turning to Jean-Luc Mélenchon

Buoyed up by 15 percent of voter intentions, five points ahead of embattled Socialist  Benoît Hamon, Jean-Luc Mélenchon has emerged as the de-facto left presidential candidate for French voters, at less than four weeks to go before the first round. Mélenchon supporters explain why they're rooting for the veteran political rebel.

In a micro eco-village in central Paris, reputed for its organic farming and homeless shelter, supporters of Jean-Luc Mélenchon feel most at home.

"This place offers a different kind of future," says Alice Forge, a 32-year old writer and artist.

The place? Les Grands Voisins or Friendly Neighbours, which attracts "anti-growth" activists, foreigners and general utopian pacifists.

"The programme of La France Insoumise [Defiant France - Mélenchon's political movement] is also about putting ecology, urban agriculture, solidarity and associations first. It's helping people in distress socially, so I think it's a good place to talk about that."

To read our coverage of the French presidential campaign click here

The hard-left candidate was the first out of the 11 candidates to outline his policies for redressing France more than a year ago.

"He has a detailed programme of 125 pages, unlike Emmanuel Macron where half of his programme is just his photo," Alice says.

At the heart of Mélenchon's message is human progress.

The leader of La France Insoumise illustrated this point in the last presidential TV debate, where he spoke out against the plight of immigrants.

"People don't immigrate for pleasure, immigration is a forced exile," he told his four challengers: Emmanuel Macron, Marine Le Pen, Benoît Hamon and François Fillon.

"Many of us come from an immigrant background, myself included."

Immigrant background

The 65-year old was born in Tangiers, in Morocco, and says he grew up with the smell of the sea, blissful walks along the beach and with a view of the Gibraltar Straits: an intersection between Europe and north Africa.

When he was 11 he and his family were forced to leave at the onset of decolonisation. A painful experience, which he says allows him to empathise with those less fortunate than himself.

"Mélenchon wants just one thing. He just wants the immigrants to stay in their country and have the same dignity as us," explains Mirsad Hadjer, an energy practitioner.

"His idea is to stop making wars to foreign countries and increasing the reasons for people to leave," reckons for her part Alice.

"The problem is that Europe exports cheap chicken to Africa that is cheaper than the home produce. So how can they live? They can't, because our European chicken is cheaper," argues Mirsad.


Save the planet

The 51-year-old Bosnian, a Muslim converted to Buddhism, says it is Mélenchon's emphasis on the environment that most appeals to him.

"We live in a world of limited resources, we can't go on producing wrecklessly. I'm voting Mélenchon because I want to save our planet."

Mélenchon's views on the environment are among the most forthright in the whole campaign.

He wants France to go 100 percent renewable energy, scrap nuclear power and he even wants to classify water and the air we breathe as a common good.

His economic policies are also ambitious, with a pledge to inject 100 billion euros into the economy to stimulate growth, irrespective of fears this will increase France's budget deficit.

Can he reach the deciding round?

"Everybody knows now that the debt is not the problem, it can be resolved very quickly. If we relaunch the economy, there will be many workers, more taxes. And Mélenchon has said that in four or three years' time, this 100 billion euros will come back in the state, so there's no problem," insists Mirsad.

The problem—critics argue--is that even with this surge in popularity behind him, at just 15 percent, Mélenchon is unlikely to qualify for the 7 May runoff.

The latest polls put independent centrist Macron in the lead in the second round, ahead of far-right leader Marine Le Pen. Macron on Wednesday received the support of former Prime Minister Manuel Valls, increasing the internal woes of the Socialist Party.

So far Mélenchon has refused to rally behind Hamon to combine their votes to at least 25 percent.

"His immediate objective would be to overtake François Fillon to become the third man," explains political analyst Jim Shields.



"The third man in a presidential election can play a key role, if we think back to 2007 when it was [centrist] François Bayrou," he points out. "Both Nicolas Sarkozy and Ségolène Royal at the time were courting Bayrou, so it is an important position to hold. If Mélenchon were to get to be third man that would be a real achievement and I think it also has to be François Fillon's biggest, biggest nightmare."

Squeaky clean image

Back in the eco-village of Mélenchon die-hards, Alice says the candidate's squeaky clean image appeals to voters even beyond the French left.

"Mélenchon is completely unstained by all this corruption that we're into and he's proposing to abolish this kind of presidential monarchy that led to all this corruption."

The firebrand candidate has called for the French constitution to be torn up and rewritten, and a new Sixth Republic established in its place.

"We have institutions that are not controlled, the parliament which is not controlled, and that's how Fillon was able to employ his family," reckons Alice. "But it's not that he employed his wife, it's that she didn't work at all! Then at the same time he asks people in hospitals to make sacrifices. That's not possible!"

Power to the people

Under Mélenchon, any politician with so much as a whiff of suspicion about their integrity would be revoked on the spot; with citizens given the right to sack MPs.

"Mélenchon is the only one that wants to bring back power to the people, we don't have no more power," says Mirsad. "We're hit by financial problems, ecological problems. Where are we going? We don't know. I hope we have a way with Mélenchon to rebalance all this, but mostly for the people, and not just some people."

After five years of disappointment with incumbent President François Hollande’s administration, many are desperate for change and prepared to believe that Mélenchon can offer more than a mere pipe dream.

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SpaceX yafanikiwa kutumia roketi mara ya pili

Kampuni ya kuunda roketi za wanasayansi wa anga za juu ya SpaceX iliyo na makao yake huko Carlifonia, Marekania, imefanikiwa kurusha tena roketi yake kwa kutumia moja ya roketi zake aina ya Falcon 9.

Awamu ya kwanz ya roketi hiyo ambayo ilitumika tena miezi 11 iliyopita, ilitumiwa kutuma satellite ya mawasilano kuenda kwa mzingo wa dunia, kutoka kituo cha safari za anga za juu cha Kennedy Space Center.

Hiyo ni hatua kubwa wa kampuni ya SpaceX katika majaribio ya kutumia roketi mara ya pili.
Kwa kawaida rekoti hutupwa kwa sababu uharibiwa wakati wa zishatumika.

Kampuni hiyo ya SpaceX ina lengo za kuzikarabati na kuzitumia tena roketi ambazo tayari zishatumika kwa minajili ya kupunguza gharama.


Chombo kinachoibeba satelite kwa sasa kinaendelea na safari kabla ya kuitundika satelite ya mawasiliano ambayo itatoa huduma ya mawasiliano kwa nchi ya Brazil, nchini za Caribbean, Amerika ya kati na Amerika Kusini.

Kwa miaka miwili iliyopita SpaceX imekuwa ikirudisha sehemu za kwanza za roketi zake ardhini baada ya sehemu hizo kutimiza wajibu wa kuinua mzigo ulitundikwa juu yake.

Sehemu hizo za kwanza hurudi peke yao na kutua salama katika chombo kinachoelea baharini.
Sasa sehemu zingine za kwanza zilizorudi na kutua salama zitatumiwa tena kurusha roketi zingine mwaka huu.

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Brexit starts - and it’s going to be a rough road out of the EU

The British government officially launched the process of leaving the European Union (EU) on Wednesday, pitting itself against the EU, several parts of the UK, and the two-year time limit of the negotiation.

British Prime Minister Theresa May on Wednesday formally notified European Council President Donald Tusk that her government would trigger Article 50 of the EU’s Lisbon Treaty.

If the main topics to resolve are agreed to be the future of trade ties, rights of citizens and the outstanding debts from the UK’s previous commitments to the EU, friction is already clear in the different negotiation strategies.

“The British want to get straight into the nitty-gritty of citizens’ rights and the future relationship between the two,” says Simon Tilford, deputy director of the London-based Centre for European Reform.

“Obviously they understand they need to negotiate the divorce settlement alongside that but they want to be doing it simultaneously.

“The EU, not so much. They want to talk about money, they might then talk about citizens’ rights but only when they have an agreement on all of the outstanding things to do with the divorce will they get serious talking about the future deal.”

Brexit bill cannot be ignored

Brussels has suggested the UK owes up to 60 billion euros for previous commitments to the EU, although Britain says the figure is far too high.

This at least shows the political dimension of calculating the bill but also a potential starting point for resolving a key issue.

“I think the very first thing we need to decide is whether this is actually a divorce or whether it is a club membership that is simply withdrawn,” says Maria Demertzis, deputy director of the Bruegel think tank in Brussels.

“In a typical divorce, you split your assets and you split your liabilities but, if the relationship between a country and the EU is considered as a membership of a club, the moment you leave the club, you have no claim on the assets,” she points out.

“It’s not clear what the relationship between the EU as an institution and every single country is in this respect.”

The difficulty for Britain is that, in any case, Article 50 starts the clock ticking in a negotiation in which it has the most to lose and in which it cannot avoid the payment issue for long.

“It’s going to have to pay, so it’s a question of how much it pays and how the British government can spin those payments,” says Tilford, adding that any payment May announces would put her in hot water at home.

“Politically in the UK, that would be toxic. But at the same time, if it doesn’t pay, the EU will resist or refuse to move on to the much more important negotiations for Britain over the future trading relationship.”

Scotland, Northern Ireland add to confusion

Complicating matters for the British government, Brexit has sent Scotland looking for a new independence referendum and raised the question of Northern Ireland’s border with Ireland, which becomes Britain’s only land border with the EU.

“I’ve seen the border wither away as a practical phenomenon in my lifetime,” says Nicholas White, a former politician in Northern Ireland and now a consultant with APCO Worldwide in Brussels.

“Now, we’re in a situation where it may be restored and this is going to upset a lot of people,” he remarks. “And we face a situation where Scotland is being taken out of a European Union that it voted to stay in.”

While Whyte does not believe either Scotland or Northern Ireland are on the verge of major constitutional changes, he fears May’s administration does not fully appreciate the complexity it is faced with.

“I do think that how Theresa May and the Conservative government handle this situation is going to have dramatic medium-term effects on the United Kingdom,” he says.

“The more it looks like a process that is driven only by Conservatives, only in their own interest or the interest of London or of England, the more difficult it’s going to be to sell that at as a proce

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French Guiana negotiations revived after overseas minister apologises

Ericka Bareigts, France’s overseas territories minister, apologised to the people of French Guiana on Friday, allowing stalled strike negotiations to move forward.


From the balcony of the prefecture in Cayenne, French Guiana’s capital, with megaphone in hand, Bareigts apologised to the large crowd below. “After so many years, I am the one who has the honour to apologise to the people of French Guiana.”

Her remarks prompted cheering from the protestors, who have demonstrated by the thousands since a general strike over economic insecurity, crime and inequality began on Monday. Many schools, businesses and public offices have closed, roadblocks have been erected, and flights have been halted. The unrest, however, began days before the general strike was declared, and led the United States to issue a travel warning last week.

Moments before, the minister had responded to the 400-page list of grievances brought forth by local politicians, unions and protest organisers at a meeting in the prefecture. “If someone had apologised before, for a multitude of things, maybe we would have advanced in a more peaceful way, and we wouldn’t be in the situation we are now,” she said. “So in the interest of French Guiana, I will do so, because my ego and personal interests are of no importance now.”

Negotiation tensions running high

The French government sent Bareigts and Interior Minister Matthias Fekl to the territory on Wednesday to respond to the strikers’ demands. But negotiations got off to a rocky start, with local groups upset by the ministers’ delayed arrival days after the unrest had begun, and parties unable to agree on how to proceed.

However, Bareigts’s apology has reset the course for the once-tense negotiations, which will now be able to move forward. Bareigts and Fekl will be contact with the ministries in Paris so as to decide how best to meet strikers’ demands, according to French daily Le Monde.

Growing frustrations over economic hardship and crime led more than two dozen unions to organise protests in the South American territory, where unemployment is upwards of 20 percent. According to local officials, some 30 percent of households to not have access to running water or electricity.

The demonstrations have brought to light the ongoing economic, political and social divides between France’s overseas territories and its mainland.

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Dutch prosecutors seize gold bars and cars in 'tax evader' raids

Dutch prosecutors say they have launched co-ordinated raids in several countries against suspected money-launderers and tax evaders.

They are investigating about 3,800 Dutch-linked accounts in an unnamed Swiss bank following a tip-off they could contain undeclared assets.

Paintings, a gold bar, cash, a luxury car and jewellery have been seized.
As well as the Netherlands, there have been searches in France, Germany, the UK and Australia.

The Dutch government has passed information to the other countries about more than 50,000 suspect accounts at the bank.


Meanwhile, UK authorities said the investigation was also targeting senior bank employees.
The co-ordinated raids began on Thursday, the Dutch office for financial crimes prosecution (FIOD) said in a statement. It said the cross-border operation was being supported by Eurojust, the EU's judicial co-operation unit.

Swiss 'disconcerted'

But the Swiss attorney general expressed annoyance that it had not been informed in advance about the operation.

"The Office of the Attorney General of Switzerland is disconcerted about the manner in which this has been organised with the conscious non-inclusion of Switzerland," it said in an emailed statement to Reuters news agency.
"The attorney general expects a written explanation from the relevant leading Dutch authorities and is examining further actions," the OAG said.

The Netherlands raids targeted homes in four locations - The Hague, Hoofddorp, Zwolle and the municipality of Venlo. Two people were detained for interrogation.

In Australia, authorities said investigators were looking for 340 people suspected of aiding tax evaders, Dutch news broadcaster NOS reported.
The UK tax inspection body, HMRC, confirmed that it had launched "a criminal investigation into suspected tax evasion and money-laundering by a global financial institution and certain of its employees".

"The first phase of the investigation, which will see further, targeted, activity over the coming weeks, is focused on senior employees from within the institution, along with a number of its customers," HMRC said.

"The international reach of this investigation sends a clear message that there is no hiding place for those seeking to evade tax."
The investigation will continue for weeks to come, Dutch financial prosecutors said.

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Schoralships are open now for 2017/2018 studies

European Slovak Government Scholarships for 2017, Free Animation Course Columbia University, Applications Open


EU Slovak Government Scholarships for Developing Countries, 2017-2018
Slovak Government, European Union
Application Deadline: May 30, 2017
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Adelaide International Undergraduate Scholarships (AIUS) in Australia, 2017
University of Adelaide, Australia
Application Deadline: June 23, 2017
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15 University of York Commonwealth Distance Learning Scholarships in UK, 2017
University of York, United Kingdom
Application Deadline: May 12, 2017
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GRP POLICY Scholarships for International Students in France, 2017-2018
Rennes School of Business, France
Application Deadline: May 26, 2017, June 23, 2017and July 23, 2017
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Free Online Course on Animation and CGI Motion
Free Job Oriented Diploma Course
Columbia University
Course Starts on April 10, 2017
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Imperial Business Scholarships for International Students in UK, 2017
Imperial College Business School, United Kingdom
Application Deadline: June 23, 2017
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Government of the Republic of Mauritius Undergraduate Scholarships for African Students, 2017
The Government of the Republic of Mauritius
Application Deadline: May 31, 2017
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DTIC-UPF (Barcelona) PhD Fellowships for All Nationalities at Pompeu Fabra University in Spain, 2017-2018
Pompeu Fabra University in Spain
Application Deadline: April 28th, 2017, April 29th to June 1st, 2017, June, 2nd to September 17th, 2017
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Free Online Course on Introduction to Developmental Psychology
University of Queensland
Course Starts on April 19, 2017
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Justus & Louise van Effen Excellence Scholarships for International Students in Netherlands, 2017
TU Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
Application Deadline: December 1, 2017
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Free Online Course on Science of Weight Loss: Dispelling Diet Myths
University of Newcastle
Course Starts on April 12, 2017
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DOE Office of Science Graduate Student Research (SCGSR) Program in USA, 2017
U.S. Department of Energy, United States of America
Application Deadline: May 16, 2017
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MBA Scholarships for International Students at Leicester Castle Business School in UK, 2017
Leicester Castle Business School, United Kingdom
Application Deadline: June 30, 2017
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School of Mathematics Scholarship Award for International Students at University of Manchester in UK, 2017
University of Manchester, United Kingdom
Application Deadline: All year round
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85 Fully Funded Scottish Funding Council Masters Scholarships at University of Stirling in UK, 2017-2018
University of Stirling, United Kingdom
Application Deadline: The scholarship is open for 2017-2018 academic year.
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Undergraduate and Postgraduate Sports Scholarships for International Students in Ireland, 2017
Maynooth University, Ireland
Application Deadline: April 1, 2017
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Mount Mercy University Undergraduate Scholarships for International Students in USA, 2017
Mount Mercy University, USA
Application Deadline: August 1, 2017
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School of Psychology Taught Masters Scholarships at University of Kent in UK, 2017
University of Kent, United Kingdom
Application Deadline: July 31, 2017
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CTFS-ForestGEO Research Grants Program for International Students in USA, 2017
The Center for Tropical Forest Science, USA
Application Deadline: April 21, 2017
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Grattan PhD Scholarships for International Students at Trinity College of Dublin in Ireland, 2017
Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
Application Deadline: March 31, 2017
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2017 Lyman T. Johnson Postdoctoral Fellowship for International Applicants at University of Kentucky in USA
University of Kentucky in United States of America
Application Deadline: November 1, 2017
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Ministry of Education Aspire Scholarship for New Zealand Citizens, 2017
Ministry of Education, New Zealand
App

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STUDY ABROAD IN ITALY,CANADA,USA AND OTHER COUNTRIES

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Australia confirms its own Jurassic Park with huge dinosaur footprints

The Goolarabooloo people of Western Australia had known of the dinosaur tracks for centuries. The find of the world's biggest dinosaur footprint has put Australia's west coast on the paleontologist map.

The 1.7-meter stegosaur footprints are the biggest of their kind yet discovered. They are just one of about 21 different kinds of dinosaur footprints found in the 25-kilometer (15.5-mile) stretch of the Dampier Peninsula coastline in northwest Australia.


Scientists published their findings on Monday. Paleontologists from the University of Queensland and James Cook University have been working with the area's Traditional Custodians, the Goolarabooloo people, since 2008.

The Goolarabooloo administration contacted the University of Queensland in 2008 when the area was named as the preferred site for a liquid gas processing precinct. "We needed the world to see what was at stake," Goolarabooloo Law Boss Phillip Roe said. The gas project collapsed in 2013 after the area was given a National Heritage listing in 2011.

"With 21 different types of tracks represented, that makes it the most diverse dinosaur footprint fauna in the world," lead scientist Steve Salisbury said. "Among the tracks is the only confirmed evidence for stegosaurs in Australia. There are also some of the largest dinosaur tracks ever recorded," he said. A dinosaur footprint reported found in the Mongolian desert last year measured 106 centimeters.

"Some of them are so big we didn't really notice them for some time because they're sort of beyond your search image for a dinosaur track," Salisbury admitted.

"It's such a magical place - Australia's own Jurassic Park, in a spectacular wilderness setting," Salisbury said.


Traditional Custodians

The Goolarabooloo people of the remote Kimberley region of Western Australia knew of the dinosaur tracks from an ancient song cycle which extends along the coast and inland for 450 kilometers. The song cycle is part of the cultural knowledge of the Goolarabooloo, known as Bugarregarre, the Dreaming. The community elders pass the knowledge down through the song cycle which recounts the creative journey of the ancestral beings who made the land and its people.

The area was a large river delta 130 million years ago, with dinosaurs crossing wet sandy areas between forests. They left thousands of tracks behind them on what are now sandstone rock platforms on a remote coastline known as Walmadan (James Price Point area) to its traditional owners, north of the city of Broome.


The research has been published as the 2016 Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.

Salisbury fulfilled a life-long dream of finding Australian dinosaurs in 2001 through his involvement in the discovery of Australia's largest dinosaur, Elliot the sauropod. Salisbury hopes his work will attract people to visit the Walmadan area and see the footprints with Indigenous traditional owners of the land.

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Tales of forgotten schools and pupils under trees in rural Kenya

Tucked away in the rugged terrain of the semi-arid Sigor lies the little-known Likwon Primary School.

Established a decade ago, the school is in a state of disrepair and more than 200 pupils have been forced to grapple with infrastructural challenges. The school has only two classrooms and a mud-walled administration block that is in deplorable condition.

The tiny administration block also acts as the staff room, kitchen and library as well as the head teacher’s office.

Most affected are the more than 85 nursery school children who are forced to learn under withered acacia trees outside despite their tender age.

The two classrooms have pitiable five desks between them and most of the pupils sit on either the sun-baked ground or rocks.


Salome Cheptoo, a nursery class teacher, said the school was first established as a nursery school before it was converted into a primary school.

“No one has built more classrooms to accommodate the increasing pupil population and ensure that there is no interference as they transition from one class to another,” she said.

Ms Cheptoo narrated how the children who, after walking long distances to the school, spent their class time dozing. The situation is exacerbated by hunger pangs and a lack of water at the institution.


Daily, the pupils are required to take water to school, which has a negative impact on their learning schedules.

“When it rains, lessons are suspended because the water fills the two classrooms and the field where the nursery pupils are taught. The situation here is dire also because there is no sanitation,” said Hosea Kalemnyam, the head teacher.

He blamed successive leaders for neglecting the institution since it was opened by Wilson Lotole, a former MP.


“When our pupils graduate to Standard Four, they move to neighbouring schools more than four kilometres away,” said Mr Kalemnyam.

In Marakwet East, pupils of Tangul Primary School face a similar ordeal.

From a distance, a structure made of rusted iron sheets, rafters and poles held together by patches of mud, most of which has fallen away due to age and weather effects, could easily pass for a sheep pen.

But a look inside the rectangle structure that is partitioned into three rooms reveals desks and blackboards; the only reason to believe the ramshackle structure is actually a school building.

The dusty floor in Standard Five East has damp patches as a result of water sprinkled by the pupils to settle the dust and ensure that lessons go on with less sneezing and coughing.

BETTER DAYS

Charles Kaprait, the school’s chairman, said the dilapidated classrooms were established in 1951, when the school was founded.


“The classrooms have seen better days. My father used them before me and my children are using them now. During the rainy season, learning is disrupted because runoff water from the elevated end flows into the classrooms, which have no walls. The rooms become muddy and therefore unsuitable for learning,” said Mr Kaprait, pointing to huge holes in the old walls.

The school situated on the edge of Embobut Forest has a population of 1,200 pupils; 350 in the lower section and two streams up to Standard Eight.

Esther Kibor, a parent at the school, explained that the huge pupil population was due to the numerous families evicted from the forest who found alternative homes in the surrounding area. The neigbouring Chawis Primary School is about 10km away.

Embobut experiences low temperatures of about 12 degrees Celsius.

Mr Kaprait blamed area leaders for neglecting the needs of the school and giving empty promises whenever they visited.

“The MPs have been making pledges that they haven’t fulfilled. For the past 15 years, they have built only three permanent classrooms from the Constituency Development Fund,” he said.

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Groundhog day for a keystone cop-out?

According to Donald Trump, the Keystone XL will be an "incredible pipeline", but could it be that the official signing of the permit in the Oval Office will be the high point for this long-winded process?

Let's look at some of the issues that might see TransCanada, the company behind the project, eventually walk away.
First, making oil from the bitumen-rich Canadian tar sands is a messy and expensive business.

Separating the liquid from the sand requires huge amounts of water and heat, and environmentalists say the process causes about 17% more greenhouse gas emissions than standard oil extraction.

However, both Democrats and Republicans have over recent years supported, however reluctantly, this massive project, which would send more than 800,000 barrels of the tarry oil from Alberta, Canada, to the US Gulf Coast every day.


But the new administration has made clear that jobs and infrastructure top climate change as priorities.
In January, President Trump asked the State department to re-assess the project. It has now found that the economic case makes sense and the pipeline "serves the national interest".

Mr Trump, struggling with healthcare reform, is very keen for a "win" on infrastructure and jobs, and the pipeline fits the bill.

But his rush to approve may actually end up delaying it significantly.
"Trump required the State department to make a decision within 60 days. That didn't allow them to do another environmental review of the project and meet that deadline, as US environmental law requires," said Anthony Swift from the National Resources Defense Council, who are looking to challenge the decision in the courts

"Allowing a decision to be made that flaunts the minimum requirements of our country's environmental laws would set an alarming precedent," he told BBC News.
There are many other complications, most of them centred around the state of Nebraska.
TransCanada has not had a route through the state approved, and that application process will take at least 8-12 months. Many landowners are reluctant to sell to the company and there are ongoing worries about polluting water sources.

"We're living in what feels to be the worst version of Groundhog Day imaginable, as every morning we're waking up to yet another decision made by Trump that would be disastrous for our climate, our communities, and our health," said Michael Brune, from the Sierra Club.
"But Trump will not succeed. The pipeline will pollute our air and water, destroy farmers' and ranchers' property, and enrich the foreign oil barons and corporate polluters that have been stocking Trump's cabinet and pulling his strings from the get-go."


The low price of oil makes XL (which stands for export limited and not extra large!) extremely expensive right now and the prospects of getting a good return on that investment is very distant.
As oil companies like Shell look to get rid of their tar sands holdings, a more pressing problem for the pipeline may be getting any oil to put in it.
"The chances of it opening in the next couple of years would appear to be pretty low," said Anthony Swift.

"TransCanada also has to find enough tar sands companies to back the pipeline, to make it economically feasible and in the current market it is hard to see which companies will be willing to commit to that kind of new production for 20-30 years."

And even if Keystone XL is built, it may not fulfil a key Trump requirement - to be constructed with "American steel". It seems that the TransCanada Corp has already ordered sufficient Canadian and Mexican supplies. Oops!

Source: BBC

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NAPE ATISHIWA BASTORA AKILAZIMISHWA KUONDOKA ASIONGEE NA WAANDISHI LEO

HAYA NDIYO YALIYOMPATA NAPE NAUYE ALIYEKUWA WAZIRI WA HABARI,UTAMADUNI,VIJANA,WASANII NA MICHEZO,KUMBE KATIKA SERIKALI HII HATA KAMA ULIKUWA KIGOGO UKIONDOKA KAMA LEO SHURBA INAKUWA KAMA MPINZANI,INA MAANA HATA HUYO ASKARI AU USALAMA HAKUJUA KUWA HUYO ALIKUWA NI KIONGOZI MKUBWA. HAPA NCHINI?

WASWAHILI WASHASEMA KAMA MTI MBICHI UNAFANYWA HIVYO VIPI KWA MTI MKAVU USOKUWA HATA NA MAJANI??...........HII NDIO TANZANIA.......

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VIDEO:WAZIRI MPYA WA HABARI MWAKYEMBE NAYE AJITOSA SUUALA LA MAKONDA KUVAMIA CLOUDS TV

Waziri mpya wa Habari, Sanaa, Utamaduni na Michezo amejibu swali la waandishi kadhaa wa habari waliomhoji mapema leo baada ya kuapishwa katika viunga vya Ikulu Jijini Dar es Salaam.

Waziri Mwakyembe amenukuliwa akisema maneno yafuatayo juu ya sakata hilo lililotikisha vichwa vya habari nchini kwa juma moja sasa.

"Ninachokijua kuhusu tukio la Clouds Media kinatokana na vyombo vya habari, sidhani kama taarifa hizo zinatosha mimi kutoa uamuzi"-Waziri Mwakyembe

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MAONI YA DR.CHRISTOPHER DHIDI YA NAPE

Anaandika Dr.Christopher Cyrilo (MD).
____________________
Pongezi kiduchu zimfikie Nape Nnauye kwa kuonesha kuwa kinyume na ufedhuli, lakini pongezi hizo kiduchu na hatua yake ya kuwa kinyume na ufedhuli, havifuti ufedhuli wake. (Nape ni fedhuli anayevuna alichopanda).

Kwa maneno machache tu;

1. Nape na vijana wenzake wa CCM ndio waliozunguka nchi nzima kumtukana Lowassa, ambaye wakati huo alikuwa moja kati ya watu muhimu ndani ya Chama chao. Lakini kwa sababu ya kutumikia makambi na makundi ya chama, wakazunguka kutukana na kupakaza uongo kwa manufaa ya kundi fulani.

2. Nape ndiye aliyetangaza ushindi wa CCM hata kwa goli la mkono, akijua kabisa ni kinyume cha demokrasia.

3. Nape ndiye aliyewatolea maneno machafu waangalizi wa kimataifa wa uchaguzi mkuu mwaka 2015, waliodai uchaguzi ulikua na mapungufu mengi.

4. Nape ndiye aliyetangaza kulifungia MILELE gazeti la Mawio, kwa madai ya uchochezi, kwa sababu tu liliandika habari zisizowafurahisha watawala.

5. Nae mdiye aliyelifungia gazeti la Mseto kwa miezi 36 (miaka mitatu) kwa madai ya kuandika habari zenye kumchafua Naibu waziri wa Ujenzi Edwin Ngonyani.

6. Nape ndiye aliyefungia Radio Magic Fm na Radio Five Arusha kwa madai ya uchochezi, kisa tu radio hizo zilikua zilitoa nafasi kwa viongozi wa upinzani kuongea na wananchi.

7. Nape ndiye aliyewasilisha hoja bungeni ya kufuta bunge Live, na kuwanyima wananchi haki yao ya msingi ya kufuatilia kazi za viongozi wao bungeni.

8. Nape ndiye anayedaiwa kuagiza Mwenyekiti wa Chadema mkoa wa Lindi Selemani Mathew afungwe gerezani kwa kufanya mkutano bila kibali, kwa sababu Mathew alimshinda kwenye kura za maoni jimbo la Mtama mwaka 2015 akakatwa, na kwenda Chadema.

9. Nape akiwa Katibu Mwenezi wa CCM ndiye aliyesema CCM haiwezi kuondolewa madarakani kwa vipande vya karatasi.

10. Nape ndiye aliyetengeneza propaganda ya kusema Lowassa ni mgonjwa na hafai kuwa Rais. Propaganda hiyo ilitumika na viongozi wa CCM kumchafua Lowassa na kumpunguzia kura.

11. Nape akiwa mkoani Ruvuma kwenye ksmpeni za uchaguzi, alimuita Magufuli Rais hata kabla ya uchaguzi. Yani alijiona kama Mwenyekiti wa Tume ya ucjaguzi mwenye uwezo wa kupanga matokeo na kuamua nani awe kiongozi.

12. Nape akiwa Katibu Mwenezi wa NEC na mjumbe wa Kamati Kuu ndiye aliyewasilisha azimio kwenye Kamati ya maadili la kumkata Lowassa katika hatua za awali za mchujo. Azimio hilo liliungwa mkono na wajumbe wengine na Lowassa hakupita hata kwenye 5 bora.

13. Nape ndiye aliyeshawishi wafuasi wa Lowassa waliobaki CCM watimuliwe akiwemo Mhe.Sophia Simba ambaye amevuliwa uanachama na kupoteza ubunge wake na uenyekiti wa UWT.

14. Nape ndiye aliyekuwa injinia wa kupitisha muswada wa sheria mbaya kuliko zote ya habari, ambao tofauti na lengo linaloelezwa, ukiisoma sheria ile na kuielewa, utagundua sio tu inaminya uhuru wa kupashana habari lakini pia inapingana na stratejia za kupambana na ufisadi, stratejia ya 'Whistle blower policy' inayotajwa kuwa bora kabisa katika kupamabana na ufisadi, inawekewa ukinzani na sheria ya Habari ambayo Nape alihusika moja kwa moja katika kuipitisha.

15. Nape ndiye aliyepigania sheria ya mitandao ipitishwe akiwa Katibu Mwenezi wa CCM ili kuzuia nguvu ya vijana wa upinzani kwenye uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2015.

16. Nape ndiye ameongoza juhudi za waandishi kunyanyaswa, kupuuzwa na kudharauliwa. Hakuna kipindi waandishi wameishi kwenye mateso kama kipindi cha utawala wa Nape.

17. Nape ndiye aliyewasilisha hoja bungeni ya kutaka vyombo vyote vya habari (Radio na TV) vijiunge na TBC kila siku saa 2 usiku kwa ajili ya taarifa ya habari.

18. Nape ndiye aliyepitisha muswada wa habari (ambao kwa sasa ni sheria) ya kulazimisha waandishi wote wa habari kuwa na degree moja kabla ya mwaka 2021. Mwandishi ambaye hatakuwa na degree wakati huo HATATAMBULIKA kama mwandishi wa habari.

Huyo ndiye Nape Moses Nnauye ambaye leo kuna watu wanamuona shujaa, kwa sababu amevuliwa uwaziri. Hivi yeye ni mtu wa kwanza kuvuliwa uwaziri? Mgogoro wake na Makonda haumfany

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HEROS CATCH A SNAKE WITH THEIR HANDS!!!

JUST OBSERVE HOW DO GOD PROTECT US FROM DIFFERENT AND DANGEROUS EVENTS LIKE WHAT HAPPENED TO THESE GUYS.............COMMENT ON MY FACEBOtOK PAGE TO VIEW MORE VIDEOS

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HI FRIENDS AM ALERTING YOU ON OUR NEW GROUP ON WHATSAPP!!

“HI! AM  MAYUN FROM  KWAZULU NATAL, WE HAVE OUR WHATSAP GROUP THAT WILL MAKE YOU TO ENJOY AFTER JOINING IN. PLEASE DROP YOUR NUMBER, I WILL ADD YOU AND START CHARTING WITH US AS WELL AS WATCH OUR VIDEOS HERE, GUYS! BE SERIOUS DO NOT HESITED JOIN NOW. ONLY FOR 18+............

JUST COMMENT YOUR NUMBER ON FB NOW.........!!!!!

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